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— 




c. a c. utho. coo 



Our Patent System. 



The original, law Jaying the foundation of the present 
patent system of the United States, was approved by 
George Washington, April 10, 1790. The hundredth 
annivarsary of this event was celebrated at Washington 
D. C, from the 8th to the 10th of April of the present 
year (1891). 

This first law prescribed a petition to the Secretary 
of State, the Secretary of War and the Attorney-Gen- 
eral, and demanded a fee of five dollars. 

The original Act was repealed by an Act passed Feb. 
21, 1793, which raised the fee to thirty dollars. 

The Patent Office and the office of Commissioner of 
Patents, were created by an Act of Congress approved 
July 4, 1836 Under this law the original term of a 
patent was fourteen years, with the privilege of a seven 
years' extension, the fee for United States citizens was 
kept at thirty dollars, twenty dollars of which was 
refunded if the application was not allowed. 

Designs were made patentable by an act dated Aug. 
9, 1842. 

The privilege of extension was abolished by Act of 
March 2, 1861, and the original term increased to seven- 
teen years, the application fee was made fifteen dollars 
and the final fee, twenty dollars as at present. The 
final fee is not payable unless the Letters Patent issue. 

There have been no radical cl anges in the laws 
controlling the issue of patents since the Act of 1861. 



•624 



PATENT POINTERS 



OR 



How to Obtain Patents 



THROUGH 



THE SCIENTIFIC AGENCY. 



A TREATISE UPON THE LAW AND PRACTICE GOVERNING 

THE ISSUE OF PATENTS FOR INVENTIONS, THE 

REGISTRATION OF TRADE-MARKS AND 

LABELS, THE FILING OF CAVEATS 

/ AND THE PROCURING OF 

COPYRIGHTS^-^op COHQi 
^ 0? YRIQHr 



* A . J . O ' B R T~©^£««-- 

Solicitor and Expert, Patents and Patent Cases. / \ r £> 



OKKICK S, 

SIXTEENTH AND LAWRENCE STS., DENVER, COLO, 

ASSOCIATE OFFICES, 

New York City, N. Y. and Washington, D. C. 



Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1891, by 

A. J. O'Brien. 
In the Office of the Librarian of Congress at Washington. 



Why Employ a Solicitor? 

It may be set down as a universal rule of action with 
men in civilized communities, (the exceptions being 
very few comparatively), that when one needs some 
service in a calling other than his own, he seeks the aid 
of some person trained and skilled in the calling to 
which the needed service pertains. If he be sick, he 
calls in the best medical talent available. If his rights, 
either of person or property, be threatened, he seeks the 
aid of what he considers to be the best legal talent for 
their protection. And, as in these days, the wide fields 
of medicine and law are divided into special fields, each 
occupied by specialists, each of whom devotes his 
whole time, ability and skill to his specialty, for instance, 
in medicine one practitioner being devoted to diseases 
of the eye, another making a specialty of the nerves, 
another devoted entirely to the study of the lungs and 
so on ; while in law one counsellor is renowned as an 
equity lawyer, another for his skill in admiralty cases, 
another for his success in criminal law, another for his 
knowledge of the laws pertaining to real estate, and 
still another for his skill in patent matters, and so on in 
the law, he not only goes to a mere professional man, 
but to the specialist in the general line where services 
are needed. Following this general rule still further, he 
takes his horse to the blacksmith to be shod, goes to a 
good shoe maker for his footwear, to the tailor for his 
clothes, to the miller for his flour, and so on through 
all the numerous wants and avocations found in 
civilized countries. 

And especially should this rule hold good in the 
preparation and prosecution of applications for patents, 
to the whole range of matters connected with the 
important and delicate business of obtaining proper 
legal protection for inventions and protecting them in 
the rights so obtained. And it is well to remember that 
this is one of the most important matters men now have 

3 



to deal with, for it has been truly said by one of the 
brightest minds in this country, "The genius of inven- 
tion lies at the very foundation of our industrial 
growth,'' and again "The inventive genius of this 
country hunts out every furrow of industry and labors 
and seeks to turn it broader and deeper, to make it 
more productive, more remunerative," and still again 
by another, "A very good part of the material progress 
and wonderful advance of this country, is due to the 
encouragement and protection given to invention by 
the patent laws." 

WHAT SAYS THE UNITED STATES PATENT 
OFFICE? 

Recognizing the general rule of life as stated, and 
the importance of this special branch, the United States 
Patent Office says, in its rules: "As the value of pat- 
ents depends largely upon the careful preparation of 
the specifications and claims, the assistance of compe- 
tent counsel will, in most cases, be of advantage to the 
applicant." 

The Canadian Patent Office, for the same reasons, 
says, first: "In all cases the applicant or depositor of 
any paper is responsible for the merits of the allegations 
and the validity of the instrument furnished by him or 
his agent;" wherefore, it adds: "It is recommended, 
in every case, to have the papers and drawings prepared 
by a competent person, for the interests both of the 
applicant and of the public service." 

What is Competency? 

Competency, as used in these recommendations, as 
used in this special branch of patent law, involves many 
things. It requires that the patent solicitor, attorney 
and expert shall be a natural mechanic, one with the 
natural capacity for understanding and tracing the oper- 
ation of mechanism, versed in mechanical movements 
and powers, able to comprehend the principle of a ma- 
chine and state it clearly and distinctly. And further, 
he must have somewhat of a legal training, and possess 
the logical faculty to compare different forms of mechan- 
4 



ism and principles of operation, and to reason from 
cause to effect. In addition, he must have a thorough 
knowledge of the laws relating to patents, and the rules 
established for and governing the practice of obtaining 
and defending patents. Where this combination exists a 
competent patent solicitor, attorney and expert is found. 

What is a Patent? 

The courts have held that a Patent for an invention 
is in the nature of a contract between the Government 
and the inventor. The inventor, for his pare thereof, 
disclosing a new and useful invention tending to the 
public good. The Government, for its part thereof, guar- 
anteeing the inventor protection therefor, the sole and 
exclusive right to make, vend and use the invention so 
disclosed for a definite period under certain conditions. 
The power and the right to make such a contract, to 
give such protection to an inventor, is based on the 
Constitution, the organic law of the land. 

Sec. VIII : The Congress shall have power: 
8. To promote the progress of science and useful 
arts by securing, for limited times, to authors and 
inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings 
and discoveries. 

CONDITIONS REQUISITE FOR A PATENT. 

To carry out the intentions of this clause, Congress 
has enacted (sec. 4886, R. S.): "Any person who has 
invented or discovered any new and useful art. machine, 
manufacture or composition of matter, or any new and 
useful improvement thereof, not known or used by 
others in this country, and not patented or described in 
any printed publication in this or any foreign country 
before his invention or discovery therof, and not in pub- 
lic use or on sale for more than two years prior to his 
application, unless the same is proved to have been 
abandoned, may, upon payment of the fees required 
by law and other due proceedings, obtain a patent 
therefor. " 

5 



The conditions precedent of this clause existing, 
what are the "other due proceedings" thereof? 

First— -He shall make petition for the grant of the 
patent. 

Second— He shall file therewith a specification, a 
written description of the invention in "such full, clear, 
concise and exact terms as to enable any person skilled 
in the art or science to which it appertains, or with 
which it is most nearly connected, to make, construct, 
compound and use the same." 

Third— "He shall particularly point out and dis- 
tinctly claim the part, improvement or combination 
which he claims as his invention or discovery." 

Fourth — He shall make oath (or affirm) that (to the 
best of his knowledge and belief) the conditions prece- 
dent of the law do exist. 

THE SPECIFICATION AND CLAIMS. 

Of the foregoing requirements, the first and fourth 
are sometimes matters easily prepared by almost any 
one. The second and third, relating to the specifications 
and claims, are matters of vital importance, for upon 
them depends, first, the very validity of the patent; 
second, if the patent be valid, its scope and legal effect. 

In the specification the law requires a full disclosure 
of the invention, such a disclosure that the public may 
practice the invention after the term of the patent has 
expired. Such disclosure is the consideration the in- 
ventor gives for the grant to him of "the exclusive right 
to make, use and vend the invention or discovery 
throughout the United States and Territories thereof" 
for the term of the patent. 

If he discloses less than this, if he is guilty therein 
of what is legally known as "false suggestion," if his 
description is ambiguous or misleading, if he has not 
explained the principle of his invention and the best 
mode of applying it, the patent is involved, null and 
void. If in the claims he fails to "particularly point 
out and distinctly claim" what he considers to be his 
invention, the patent is of no force whatever as to all 
that he has failed in. 

6 



The English Government in its new "patent act of 
1884," adopted from the United States practice their 
requirements as to specifications and claims as they had 
always existed in our laws. The English Patent Office 
deemed the matter of such great importance that it 
issued a special notice to applicants, .stating: "It is 
advisable to point out the necessity of making a distinct 
and proper statement of claims in the complete speci- 
fications, as it is upon the construction of the claims 
that the validity of the patent mainly rests." 

Our courts have in numerous decisions dwelt upon 
the necessity of the full, clear, description and distinct, 
particular claims, and their rule is to construe the 
patent by the language absolutely used in the specifica- 
tions and claims. Says Circuit Judge Shipmam in a late 
case " Claims must be construed by the language which 
the patentee has used and not by the language which he 
might have employed." That is, he is entitled to just 
what he has described and claimed, as he has decribed 
and claimed it, and not to what he might have properly 
described and claimed as legitimately belonging to and 
forming part of his invention. 

It is essential therefore, for the full protection of an 
invention and the securing for him of a patent covering 

well and strongly all his invention, that his case should 
be prepared and prosecuted by a solicitor able to com- 
prehend the invention in all its scope, to analyze it and 
find out its principle, its salient, strong and vital points, 
and then describe it fully and clearly, placing the stress 
on such strong, salient, vital points, disregarding, so far 
as may be, non-essential limitations and restrictions, 
drafting the claims so as to cover those points, the gist, 
the substance, the meat of the invention. 

This is now the more needful inasmuch as the 
Supreme Court has decided that a re-issue of a patent 
claiming more than was claimed in the original patent is 
null and void, and the patentee is limited to whatever 
of invention was claimed in the original patent and that 
whatever of invention there might be which 
was not claimed in the original patent has been 
abandoned to the public. This necessity of careful, 

7 



intelligent preparation was strikingly exemplified in a 
late case before 

The Supreme Court. 

An inventor in Connecticut made a very valuable and 
important improvement in clock trains, an improvement 
lying at the foundation of the present enormous trade 
in clocks of very small size. Of it the Court says, ik The 
clock was devised for this end unquestionably, and with 
much study and painstaking, and I assume that the 
invention was both novel and patentable." He obtained 
therefore a patent but failed in that patent to set out, cover 
and protect the gist of the invention. The invention 
was extensively pirated and infringed, and the weakness 
of the patent was developed. The original patent was 
accordingly re-issued to attempt to cover the invention, 
and suits were brought under such re issue against the 
the infringers. The case reached the Supreme Court, 
and in this decision (41. O. G. 811) it is stated, "An 
examination of the Hotchkiss patent" (the original 
patent referred to) " shows that the vital parts of the 
invention were not alluded to in the specifications or in 
the claims." Such was the language of the Supreme 
Court of the United States concerning the original 
patent ; as to the re-issue it went on to say, " There is 
no evidence of any attempt to secure by the original 
patent, the invention covered by the first eight claims 
of the re-issue, and those inventions must be regarded 
as having been abandoned." 

The court so held the invention abandoned and 
declared the re-issue illegal and invalid, the inventor 
thus losing, through the weakness of his original 
patent, arising from carelessness or incompetency in 
the preparation of the application therefor, an invention 
made, says the Court, "with much study and pains- 
taking" and originally "both novel and patentable," and 
which has proved to be exceedingly valuable. The 
inventor had secured a patent which was only a delu- 
sion, a shadow, while the substance was abandoned to 
rivals and infringers. 

In another late case (41. O. G., 933) the patentee lost 

8 



his suit and the substance of his invention through 
similar negligence, carelessness or incompetency. In 
that case, says the Court, "although the patent shows 
features which were patentable, and which, if properly 
patented, would render the defendants liable as infringers 
such maters are abandotied to the public by the act of 
the patentee in accepting a claim which fails to com- 
prehend the same." That is, these defendants are using 
an invention shown by this patent, an invention which 
he might have patented, but his claims fail to cover or 
embrace such invention, and these defendants and all 
other infringers thereof may go scott free of the patent; 
this inventor's patent is only a shadow, the substance 
has been omitted. 

Effect of poor Patents. 

Such instances are common in the Court Reports, 
instances where the gist* the vital part of an invention 
is boldly pirated and infringed, boldly stolen, yet the 
alleged patent therefor is not infringed and the in- 
ventor has to stand by helpless while he sees the 
products of his genius and industry enjoyed by others 
because of a poorly drawn patent. It is a matter of 
fact that by far the greater portion of patent litigation 
results from just such loosely, carelessly drawn up pat- 
ents. Given a patent full and clear in its specification, 
with its claims strongly and distinctly drawn up and 
about which there is no doubt or ambiguity, and rivals 
will hesitate a long time before venturing to infringe 
it, but given a loosely worded, carelessly drawn one, 
weak and ambiguous in phrase and they will often 
infringe, taking the chances of its sharing the fate of 
those noted in the quotations just given. 

Again, an inventor has a meritorious invention and 
has secured (as he thinks) a patent therefor, not desiring 
or being unable to go personally into its manufacture 
and sale, he naturally seeks to place it in the hands of 
some pushing, energetic manufacturing concern. The 
usual course with such a concern is to immediately refer 
the patent to its patent counsel for a report on its validity 
and scope, to ascertain if it will give any degree of safety 

9 



to the manufacturer, if it be free from infringement on 
the one hand, and strong enough to maintain a monop- 
oly of the invention on the other. If the patent be 
loosely drawn, the invention insufficiently described, 
the claims weak and not protecting the essence of the 
invention, the advice of the counsel will be " Let it 
alone; have nothing to do with it; it's unsafe." This is 
always the case and many a meritorious invention has 
been put in a bad box because of such a weak, un- 
meritorious patent alleged to be for a meritorious and 
valuable invention. 

Need of a Thorough Prosecution. 

These considerations all point to one thing, the 
absolute need of careful, intelligent, competent prepa- 
ration of an application for a patent, and they are the 
reasons why the Patent Officers of this country and 
Canada, as before quoted, seek to impress upon inven- 
tors the necessity of employing competent counsel in 
order to secure such needful preparation. 

THE SCIENTIFIC AGENCY. 

We of the Scientific Agency, know we can give you 
such service, that we can so prepare and prosecute your 
application as to obtain for you a patent for your inven- 
tion, one that is not a mere shadow, but one having 
strong and valid claims covering all you may be entitled 
to in view of the prior state of the art to which your 
invention may appertain. We are guaranteed in assert- 
ing this by our long and large experience and by our 
uniform success hitherto in this profession, for in no 
case has the Scientific Agency failed to procure a patent 
for an application entitled to it when there was any 
novelty whatever in the alleged invention. 

SOLICITORS GENERALLY. 

Every patentee, as soon as the patent has been pub- 
lished, is flooded with circulars and pamphlets from 
solicitors, especially from those who are desirous of 
securing his future patent business. 

10 



While such pamphlets and circulars are largely alike 
in the matter they contain, the solicitors themselves 
vary as widely as to competency, skill, experience and 
reliability as do the men in any other calling. Some 
pretend to have extra and unusual facilities for procuring 
patents, some claiming, and such advertisements are 
common in the local papers, that they can obtain patents 
in less time than can those remote from Washington. 




As to such the Patent Office says, " It will be unsafe, 
however, to trust those who pretend to the possession 
of any facilities, except capacity and diligence, for pro- 
curing patents in shorter time or with broader claims 
than others." 

CONTINGENT FEE SOLICITORS. 

Again, others hold out to some the alluring bait of 
"No patent, no fee." Such practice is unfair and dan- 

31 



gerous, both to the solicitor and to the applicant. The 
inventor is to reap any reward accruing from the patent, 
the money from the sales of rights, from royalties, is to 
go to him, and he, therefore, should take any and all 
precautionary risks connected with obtaining the patent. 
The solicitor taking a case on such contingent fee terms, 
in his eagerness to obtain any kind of a patent so that 
he may collect the promised fee, is sometimes tempted 
to be careless and negligent as to the substance of the 
patent. In fact, in a report of a late Commissioner of 
Patents, in discussing the relation of solicitor and client, 
it is stated : " Honest and skillful solicitors, with a thor- 
ough knowledge of the practice of the Office and of Pat- 
ent Law, and who are able and willing to advise their 
client as to the exact value of the patents which they can 
obtain for them, may be of much service to them. There 
are many such, but those who care for nothing but to 
give them (the clients) something called a patent, that 
they may secure their own fees, have in too many in- 
stances proved a curse. To get rid of their client and 
trouble they have sometimes been content to take less 
than he was entitled to, while, in many cases, they have, 
and with much self-laudation, presented him with the 
shadow, when the substance was beyond their reach." 
The court cases before quoted are striking examples of 
obtaining "the shadow "when the "substance was be- 
yond their reach," and lost to the inventor. 

Patent Mills. 

Then again, there are solicitors and agencies aiming 
to do a very large volume of business with the least 
possible amount of labor and thought. Such agencies 
have been and may justly be termed mere " Patent 
mills," wherein the aim and desire is to obtain a great 
quantity of patents without much regard to their legal 
value or scope rather than to obtain a more limited 
quantity of good quality. Some seem to do business 
as though they proposed to obtain weak patents, not 
fully covering an invention, that loop-holes may be left, 
points left unguarded, of which other alleged inventors 
may take advantage, making alleged inventions thereon, 

12 



for which they make applications and so increase the 
general volume of business, such solicitors hoping to 
get a share of such increase. 

We neither seek nor engage in any such kind of 
work. 

We aim to do the work entrusted to us thoroughly, 
carefully, conscientiously, securing to the client all and 
whatever he is entitled to, in order that we shall retain 
him as a client, that if he employs us once he will again, 
and that our old clients will bring us new ones. 

• THE FACILITIES 

Of the Scientific Agency for the dispatch of patent 
business in any of its branches are as good as 
those of any agency in the country. We know it is 
the habit of Eastern Solicitors and especially some of 
those in Washington City to claim that from their geo- 
graphical position "near the United States Patent Office, " 
"Opoosite the Patent Office," etc., that they have special 
facilities for the dispatch of business. This claim is not 
tenable, but if it were, our facilities are just as good for we 
have experienced and reliable associates and quite "near 
the Patent Office" to give personal attention, under our 
instructions, to matters in the Patent Office whenever 
personal attention is needed or permitted. We are in 
daily correspondence with such associates and in that 
way are as "near the Patent Office" as is any Agency. 
On the other hand we claim to have better facilities for 
the dispatch of business from Colorado and the adjacent 
country. We can have an application prepared, executed 
and ready for filing before a letter requesting an Eastern 
Solicitor to prepare the case could reach him, thus 
saving the t»me it would take for the papers and prob- 
ably several letters to pass back and forth. And more- 
over it takes no more time for a letter from the Patent 
Office to reach us and for us then to communicate with a 
client in this section of country, than it does for a letter 
from the Office to reach an Eastern Solicitor and for 
him then to communicate with a client in this same 
section. On these grounds we claim that on the whole 
as to facilities for the disposal of patent business origi- 

13 



nating in this Western country, the balance is in favor 
of the home Office of the Scientific Agency. 

And while on this subject it maybe well to remember 
that the amount of ''personal attention" required or 
permitted at the Patent Office is very small. The rules 
of the Office say U A11 business with the Office should be 
transacted in writing, the action of the Office will be 
based exclusively on the written record," and again 
''Personal attendance . . . . at the Office is unnecessary 
.... business can be transacted by correspondence." 

In our library is to be found complete U. S. Patent 
Office records showing every patent that has been issued 
since the foundation of the Government, which together 
with our cyclopedias, mechanical dictionaries, text books 
on patent law, U S. Court Decisions in Patent Cases 
and miscellaneous scientific works, render the library 
one of the most, if not the most, complete and valuable 
private libraries of its class in the west. 

Our patrons and friends are invited to visit our office 
and make use of these books whenever they may have 
occasion to post themselves on patent matters. 

RESPONSIBILITY. 

In selecting a solicitor one naturally desires to know 
something of his responsibility and reliability. This 
agency has been established for some time in Denver. 
Its manager has resided for years in this country and is 
an attorney of ability and prominence. He has attended 
to patent business for many prominent citizens and 
manufacturing concerns in Denver and Colorado. And 
in this connection attention is called by way of reference 
to some of our patrons whose names are published, gener- 
ally without special permission, at the conclusion here- 
of. Many of these are prominent and well-known 
citizens of this community and State. 



BUSINESS CONFIDENTIAL. 

Many inventors feel great reluctance in disclosing 
their inventions to any one whatsoever, even to a solic- 
itor for fear that they may be defrauded of their inven- 
tion. To such we would say that, as to The Scientific 

34 



Agency, any fears you may have are groundless. To 
avoid even suspicion in this direction, we do not our- 
selves engage in making or patenting inventions, nor do 
we permit any one in our employ to do so. If we see 
where in our judgement an improvement could be 
made we inform the client, the original inventor, of that 
fact and allow to him the advantage thereof. All 
communications or disclosures to us are strictly confi- 
dential. Until the patent for an invention be actually 
issued our mouths are absolutely sealed as to every 
detail and feature of that invention. And it is well to 
remember that a solicitor is always on his good behavior 
for his standing before the Patent Office. The first 
qualification to enable one to appear as an attorney 
before the Patent Office is that he be a ' person of intelli- 
gence and good moral character." If a solicitor or an 
attorney should disclose the matters communicated to 
him by a client, or procure any such matters to be 
patented either in his own name or the name of another 
in derogation of his client's interests, he would be 
immediately disbarred and prevented from practicing 
under the clause "for gross misconduct the Commissioner 
may refuse to recognize any person as a patent agent 
either generally or in any particular case," and such 
refusals, technically called "disbarments" are published 
in the ''Official Gazette" and broadcast through the 
papers of the country. So these are abundant safe- 
guards thrown around the client by the law, and he need 
have no fear in communicating fully and freely with 
this Agency. 

PATENTS AND REGISTRATIONS. 

We have already spoken of "Patents" as the term is 
generally understood, viz., mechanical patents (see page 
5 et sequitur), but there is another class of patents, 
not so numorous, but often as important, called 

Design Patents. 

A design patent is generally for a new and original 
design, bust, statue, alto-relievo or bas-relief; any new 
and original design for the printing of woolen, silk, cot- 

15 



ton or other fabric; any new and original impression, 
ornament, pattern, print or picture to be placed on or 
worked into any article of manufacture, or any new and 
original shape of an article of manufacture. 

It often happens that a manufacturer originates a 
new design of or for an old article, which is so artistic 
and handsome that his product takes the market almost 
if not quite altogether, and a patent on such design 
gives him almost as much of a monopoly as would a pat- 
ent for the article itself. It is the practice for all the 
leading manufacturers, especially those of carpets, 
cloths, wall paper, furniture, stoves, etc., to take out de- 
sign patents each season on their new patterns and 
designs. The cost of a design patent for three and a 
half years is thirty dollars, for seven years thirty-five 
dollars, and for fourteen years fifty dollars. 

A very important feature of the patent business is 
the branch of 

Trade-Marks. 

The requisites for the registration of a trade-mark 
are that the trade-mark proposed to be registered is in 
fact a legal trade-mark, that it is the property of the 
person, firm or corporation asking registration therefor, 
and that it has been used (no matter to how limited an 
extent) in commerce or trade with a foreign nation, or 
with an Indian tribe. The law provides that the Patent 
Office is the proper place for registration, and the term 
is thirty years; but, upon the expiration of the term, 
the registration may be renewed for another term. 

Registration is important in that the United States 
Courts have held that suis to restrain infringements of 
trade-marks can be brought in the United States Courts 
between citizens of the same State only in case the in- 
fringed trade-mark has been registered in the Patent 
Office. In such suits the law makes the fact of registra- 
tion prima facie proof of ownership. In addition, by 
treaties with a number of foreign countries, the regis- 
tration in the United States Patent Office protects in such 
countries, which are Austria-Hungary, Belgium, Brazil, 
France, German Empire, Great Britain, Italy, Russian 

16 



Siberia, Spain, Switzerland and the Netherlands. Another 
advantage is that, on due request being made to the 
Secretary of the Tieasury, he is required to have the 
Customs Department forbid the importation and entry 
into this country of any article of foreign manufacture 
bearing a trade-mark registered in this country unless 
the importer be the registrant. And further, the law 
pro\ides for the punishment of counterfeiting a regis- 
tered trade-mark, and the confiscation and destruction 
of all materials used in the counterfeiting. This large 
measure of protection makes it almost of vital impor- 
tance that a person, firm or corporation using a trade- 
mark should register it, and nearly twenty thousand 
have been so registered, nearly all by Eastern manu- 
facturers. The government fee for a trade-mark is 
twenty-five dollars and our charge twenty dollars, mak- 
ing the entire cost forty-five dollais. 

LABELS. 

A label is any device, picture, word or words, figure 
or figures not constituting a trade-mark, to be attached 
to or printed upon any article of manufacture or trade, 
or the packages containing them. While a label must 
not be a mere trade-mark, the trade-mark may be placed 
upon and form a feature or part of such label. The 
registration of a label carries with it the right to sue in- 
fringers or counterfeiters in the United States Courts 
and to have all the protection therefor that is thrown 
by the law around copyrights. The entire cost of reg- 
istering a lable is sixteen dollars. 

COPYRIGHTS. 

We also attend to the business of procuring copy- 
rights, which business is transacted with the Librarian 
of Congress, who has direct supervision of all maters 
pertaining thereto. Copyrights are procured on books, 
maps, charts, dramatic or musical compositions, engrav- 
ings, cuts, prints or photographs, drawings, chromos, 
statues, statuary, models or designs for works of the fine 
arts. The original copyright term is twenty-eight years, 
with the privilege of renewing for an additional term 

of fourteen years. 

17 



In order to obtain a valid copyright the title or des- 
cription must always be recorded before the publication 
of the work which it is designed to protect. 

The cost is five dollars ($5.00), which should be for- 
warded to us together with the title or description of 
the work. We then attend to the matter at once and 
return the certificate to our client as soon as it can be 
received from Washington, whjch is usually in about 
two weeks. 

CAVEATS. 

If an invention is partly complete and the inventor 
desires more time to perfect the same, he may file a 
caveat, (though the word caveat literally means "beware" 
or "look out,") which will prevent a patent from issuing 
to another party for the same invention within a year 
after the time of filing: the caveat, and at the end of the 
year he may renew the caveat for another year and so 
on year by year. If an application for patent is filed by 
another party for an invention which conflicts with that 
disclosed by the caveat and, during the life thereof, the 
caveator is notified and given three months to file his 
application, during which time Office Action on the in- 
terfering application is suspended. If during the time 
specified the caveator files his application, an inter- 
ference is declared and the applicant who can prove 
priority of invention gets the patent. We have noticed, 
however, that in the great majority of cases where 
caveats have been filed the inventions revealed were 
sufficiently advanced to obtain Letters Patent therefor; 
our judgment being that money expended on caveats in 
the most of cases had much better be invested in an 
application for a regular patent. When desired, how- 
ever, we prepare caveats with the same thoroughness, 
care and skill we bestow on applications. The cost of 
filing a caveat is from thirty to thirty-five dollars. 

WHAT TO DO. 

If you contemplate applying tor a patent and reside 
where, without trouble, you can call at our office, and 
have a personal consultation, it is preferable that you do 

18 



so, though not strictly necessary. If you cannot call, 
write us, sending a sketch and short description of your 
invention, with its objects and advantages, enclosing 
twenty-five dollars installment on our fee. Thereupon 
we will prepare the application papers and forward 
them to you for signature and execution. When so 
executed return them to us with fifteen dollars (in ordi- 
nary cases,) balance of our fee and fifteen dollars, the 
first government fee, and we will immediately file and 
rigorously prosecute the case. 

COST OF A PATENT. 

It should be remembered that the total government 
fees for an ordinary patent are thirty-five dollars, fifteen 
dollars of which is payable on filing the application, 
commonly called the "First Government Fee," and 
twenty dollars payable after the application is allowed, 
commonly called the "Final Government Fee." These 
government fees are the same without regard to the 
importance of the invention, the size of the application 
or the amount of work involved in the examination by 
the Patent Office. The amount given as our fees, forty 
dollars, applies to ordinary cases only. When the in- 
vention is out of the average rate of inventions or such 
as to require an extra outlay of time and labor in its 
preparation, a correspondingly increased charge will be 
made for our services. In the simplest cases our charge 
is only thirty dollars. 

Our fees are as low as those charged by any reliable 
agency any where in the country, and lower than most 
of them. In addition to the reasonableness of our 
charges, 

We Really Save Your Money in another direction, 
for if you should send to an eastern solicitor you would 
in nearly every case have to send a model, thus incur- 
ring the additional expense thereof. With our long ex- 
perience as mechanical engineers and experts we are 
able to comprehend the invention from a fair sketch 
and to make such drawings and descriptions as fully 
and intelligently describe the invention. 

19 



We Assist inventors. 

It often happens that an inventor is puzzled over 
some part of his invention. So far as he has it perfected 
he sees one point not satisfactory to him and he thinks 
"If I could only get around that," or "If I could only do 
that differently, I'd have the thing to suit me." In such 
cases our experience often enables us to give him good 
advice, to show him how the difficulty may be over- 
come and to point out the best way of doing. This we 
have often done for inventors, but of course in s uch cases 
a small and very reasonable additional fee is charged. 

PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS. 

It is often desirable for an inventor to have a prelim- 
inary examination mad a prior to making a regular 
application. Such an examination brings to light the 
prior state of the art and information of any prior 
patents, if such there happen to be, conflicting with 
his invention, enabling him to judge of the propriety 
of proceeding further. The fee for this ordinarily is 
five dollars, but this fee may save him the loss of the 
much greater expenses attending a regular application. 
If you desire a preliminary examination made, send us 
a sketch and brief description of your invention with 
five dollars in ordinary cases, and we will immediately 
make such examination and report results to you. 

DON'T UNDERVALUE YOUR INVENTION. 

Many a fortune has been lost to an inventor by un- 
dervaluation of his invention. He invents some device 
which he finds handy and useful in his own business, 
but says, "It's too small to bother with ; it won't pay to 
patent it," forgetting that it would be just as handy and 
useful to every one in his business as it is to him, and 
that every one would buy and use it were it once intro- 
duced to him. It is a frequent occurrence for a client 
to come in and ask if such a device has been patented, 
and, when he is answered yes, to say, " Why, I had that 
worked out long before that. I made one and used it 
in my shop, but didn't think it would pay to invest any 

20 



money in patenting it. Have I any chances now?" 
In the majority of cases the answer is, "No; your delay 
and your laches are fatal to any rights you ever pos- 
sessed." Nothing new and useful is too insignificant to 
be patented, that will not pay if properly handled and 
introduced after patenting. Take feather dusters for 




example. Fifteen ye irs ago scarcely any one could afford 
to have a feather duster about. Two independent in- 
ventors discovered, however, that they could take tur- 
key leathers, shave off a part of the stiff rib of the quill, 
compress the remainder of the rib, and have a feather 
sufficiently pliable and elastic to make a good duster. 

21 



One went to work and patented it. The other thought 
such a little thing wouldn't pay for patenting, and let it 
lie till he saw the business being built up by the other 
inventor. He then tried for a patent, but only succeeded 
in involving both in enormous legal expenses, the patent 
being awarded to the diligent inventor. That little in- 
vention is to-day the foundation of an immense busi- 
ness in feather dusters, a business that has for years 
paid not less than one hundred thousand dollars per 
year net to the owners of the patent. 

The first inventor who attached a rubber to the end 
of a lead pencil received over one hundred thousand 
dollars for the use of his invention. A like sum was 
realized by the inventor of a mere toy, " the return 
ball," the combination of ball and an attached .rubber 
string or cord to bring the ball back to the hand 
Howe's invention of placing the eye of the needle in its 
point instead of its head is the foundation of the im- 
mense modern sewing machine industry, and was the 
essential feature of novelty in modern sewing machines. 
These instances could be multiplied almost indefinitely, 
and their moral is, " Don't under-rate your invention; 
the apparently little thing is often a considerably big 
thing.". 

INTERFERENCES. 

Whenever there are two or more applications on file 
claiming substantially the same patentable invention, the 
Patent Office insists on an interference between them 
for the purpose of determining who is the prior inventor 
and entitled to the patent. The fact that one party has 
obtained a patent will not prevent an interference, for 
if a subsequent applicant is found to be the prior inven- 
tor the Commissioner may issue to him a patent for the 
same invention. In an interference case, testimony is 
taken under about the same rules for use in the U. S. 
Courts, and the practice conforms closely thereto. In 
such proceedings questions as to ''reduction to prac- 
tice," "abandonment," "public use," etc., constantly 
arise. Such proceedings therefore should be entrusted 
to attorneys having a thorough knowledge of Patent 

22 



Office practice and laws. In these we are versed and 
every interference entrusted to us will be conducted 
with the greatest care, diligence and skill. The fees 
therefor are dependent on the time and labor expended 
thereon. 

REPORTS AND OPINIONS 

Will be rendered as to the validity and scope of any 
patent, and also as to whether one patent is an infringe- 
ment and to what extent of a prior patent. Such 
reports require an examination, and a careful examina- 
tion of all U. S. and foreign patents in the branch to 
which the patent pertains. No one should engage or 
invest capital in the manufacture of a patented inven- 
tion without such a report, since it enables the manu- 
facturer to see the exact extent and scope of the rights 
comprised by the patent, and is as important in the 
purchase or use of a patent right as is a good abstract 
of title in a real estate transaction. The fees therefor 
are dependant upon the time and labor necessarily 
expended thereon. 

MARKING UNPATENTED ARTICLES. 

An inventor has a right to mark his invention " Pat- 
ent applied for," as soon as he has filed his application 
and he has notice of such filing. He should not however 
so mark it unless the application be absolutely filed. 
Nor in any event should he ever mark an article 
"Patented" unless it be so and the patent have actu- 
ally issued, for the penalty by law for marking an 
unpatented article "Patented," is one hundred dollars 
for each and every offense. 

TIME NECESSARY FOR OBTAINING A PATENT. 

The question is often asked "how long will it take to 
get me a patent?" No one in the whole country, east 
or west, can answer this with any degree of certainty. 
The Patent Office is divided into examining divisions 
with a principal examiner and corps of assistants in 
each division. Each division has its own line of work 
and classes of invention; for instance the division of 

23 



tillage passes upon all applications relating to plows, 
harrows, etc. "Electricity," all pertaining to the genera- 
tion, distribution and utilization of that force, and so on. 
Some of the titles of divisions being "Textile Fabri : s," 
"Steam Engineering," "Milling, Thrashing and Grind- 
ing," "Pneumatics," "Metal Working," etc. Every 
application filed goes to one of the divisi ns for action 
and the cases in each division are taken up in regular 
ordef. One division may be practically up to date, only 
a few days ^behind, while another may be weeks, even 
months, and at this time these divisions range from thirty 
days to six months in arrears, hence it is impossible to 
tell when a patent can issue (with any degree of cer- 
tainty), since much depends upon the condition of busi- 
ness in the division to which it must go and somewhat 
upon the nature of the case. We, however, can get your 
case through as soon as anyone. 

ASSIGNMENTS. 

Patents are transferable by an instrument in writing 
called an assignment, which is recorded in the U. S. 
Patent Office. Either the whole or an undivided interest 
may be sold. 

Assignments may be made either before or after the 
issue of the patent. If made before the issue and duly 
recorded, the patent issues to the inventor and assignee 
jointly, if an undivided part is sold, or to the assignee 
alone if the entire interest is conveyed. An assignee to 
the extent of his interest, enjoys the same rights and 
privileges under the patent as an inventor. 

We attend to the business of drawing and recording 
assignments, preparing royalty and other contracts, and 
all instruments relating to patent matters. The cost of 
preparing and recording an ordinary assignment is five 
dollars ($5.00). The charge for other contracts depends 
upon the work necessary in their preparation, but is 
always as reasonable as is consistent with good work. 

FOREIGN PATENTS. 

The demand and sale for American improvements 
in foreign countries has increased to such an extent in 

24 



the past few years that the soliciting of foreign patents 
for American inventors has increased in the same pro- 
portion. It is a fact that in London, Paris, Brussels, 
Vienna, Berlin, etc., there are dealers who advertise and 
keep nothingbut Yankee novelties, American machinery, 
etc., and the fact that the thing is "Another Yankee 
trick," causes it to sell as no other credential could. 

If, however, the foreign patent is obtained before the 
United States patent, the term of the latter is shortened 
to that of the shortest lived foreign patent, while if the 
United States patent is first issued, the chances are 
against the obtaining of a valid patent in any foreign 
country (excepting Canada and a few others) ; so to 
obtain valid patents both in this and foreign countries 
without curtailing the life of the home patent, requires 
the exercise of the greatest skill and care and a thorough 
knowledge of the requirements and patent laws of the 
various foreign countries. 

Again care must be taken not to disclose the inven- 
tion in this country before filing the foreign applications, 
for in some countries the applicant and patentee need 
not be the inventor, but only the introducer into the 
realm, and such introduction is by making the applica- 
tion. Hence American inventors have often been 
forestalled abroad by sharp-sighted Patent Sharks, who, 
hearing of a really valuable invention in this country, 
have patented it in their own names in foreign countries. 

We have an associate agent and correspondent in 
every country in the world granting Letters Patent for 
inventions, and our associate agents are men of the 
highest ability, skill and standing in this profession in 
their respective countries. 

In ordinary cases, the cost of an application in Canada 
is $50; Great Britain, $100; France, $100; Germany, 
$100; Austro-Hungary, $100 ; Spain, $100; Italy, $100; 
Mexico, $300. 

The other foreign countries in which we procure pat- 
ents are as follows : 

Argentine Republic. Newfoundland. 

Barbadoes. New South Wales. 

25 



Belgium. New Zealand. 

Brazil. Norway. 

Cape Colony. Paraguay. 

Ceylon. Peru. 

Chili. Portugal. 

U. S. of Columbia. Queensland. 

Denmark. Russia. 

Ecuador. Sandwich Islands. 

Finland. South Australia. 

Guatamala. St. Helena. 

Guiana (British). Straits Settlement. 

Hong Kong. Sweden. 

India. Switzerland. 

Jamaica. Tasmania. 

Leeward Islands. Transvaal Republic. 

Liberia. Turkey. 

Luxemburg. Uruguay. 

Mauritius. Venezuela. 

Natal Victoria. 
Western Australia. 

For foreign patents in any of these countiies, we 
personally prepare the papers complete, and have them 
filed at the proper time by our correspondents in the 
countries to be applied for. For further information, 
please call on or write to The Scientific Agency, A. J. 
O'Brien, manager, corner 16th and Lawrence Streets, 
Denver, Colo. 

Below and on the following pages will be found the 
names of some of our patrons to whom we refer, in 
most cases without special permission. Our previous 
relations with them have been such that we feel justified 
in taking this course. For many of our patrons we 
have obtained a number of United States Patents, as 
well as several patents in foreign countries. All who 
wish to make an investigation as to our ability and re- 
sponsibility, we confidently refer to these our clients and 
patrons. 

Our financial reference is The City National Bank of 
Denver, through which all our banking business is 
transacted in the name of the manager, A. J. O'Brien. 

26 



E. S. Bennett, Prest. The Bennett Amalga- 

mator Manufacturing Co ...... Denver, Colo 

Tony Faifer Denver, Colo 

John S. Kinnaer Golden, Colo 

Prof. D. F. McDonald Berkeley, Cal 

David R. C. Brown Aspen, Colo 

Thomas J. Hatch Denver, Colo 

Ira K. Hopkins Semper, Colo 

Gabriel Kcenigsberg ... Denver, Colo 

Samuel T. Culp Littleton, Colo 

Calvin W. Little Denver, Colo 

John F. Barber, Mgr The Colorado & Utah 

Phonograph Co Denver, Colo 

Robert Gibson Ft. Logan, Colo 

Albert B. McClave Platteville, Colo 

Wm. Lerchen Denver, Colo 

Harvey L. Link Denver, Colo 

Henry C. Baum Denver, Colo 

Joseph W. Naples Highlands, Colo 

Albert K. Minton . • Denver, Colo 

Alwin Maul Pine Ridge, Colo 

Andrew J. Nicholson New York, N. Y 

Jas. H. Montgomery Denver, Colo 

Henry Niemann Denver, Colo 

Wm. Quayle (Architect) Denver, Colo 

Benjamin I. Price Denver, Colo 

Andrew J. Pennock Longmont, Colo 

Frank H. Rogers Golden, Colo 

Frederick C, L. Sergeant Ward, Colo 

Forrest M. Priestley . . Denver, Colo 

Chas. H. L. Pillsbury .* . Denver, Colo 

C. W. Paradice Denver, Colo 

F. L. Rohlfing . Denver, Colo 

Mrs. S. H. B. Walker Castle Rock, Colo 

Timothy J. Ryan Colorado Springs, Colo 

Philip R. Stanhope Dumont, Colo 

Theron F. Bartlett Denver, Colo 

Geo. B. Crews, M. D Denver, Colo 

Charles W. Dwelle Denver, Colo 

Harrison T. Benson Denver, Colo 

Valentine Stuyvesandt .... Colorado Springs, Colo 

27 



Asa W. Straight . . . .- Ypsilanti, Mich 

Clarence E. Van Auken Chicago, 111 

Oeorge J. Bancroft Denver, Colo 

James A. Curran Denver, Colo 

Christopher T. Finlayson Denver. Colo 

John H. Earles Denver, Colo 

Henry M.Jones Denver, Colo 

A. A. Brandenburg St. Louis, Mo 

James Brewer Denver, Colo 

Wm. L. Ireland Dumont, Colo 

Wm. Chater Denver, Colo 

W. W. Howard :.....- Denver, Colo 

Daniel C. Funcheon . ; Denver, Colo 

Thornton A. Frazer Denver, Colo 

Charles Felton Denver, Colo 

Adolph E. Fehleisen Pueblo, Colo 

John L. Ish Keystone, Wyo 

Edwin J. Hall Denver, Colo 

Glen W. Huntington Denver, Colo 

David Gaul Denver, Colo 

Albert C. Hall Denver, Colo 

Horace G. Kennedy Denver, Colo 

Charles G. Lamont Denver, Colo 

Donald Dennes Dead wood, S. Dakota 

Willard F. Fales Sedalia, Colo 

James F. Benedict (of Cobb, Wilson & 

Benedict) Denver, Colo 

A. G. Braun Denver, Colo 

Abner J. McDannell Denver, Colo 

Manetho C. Jackson Denver, Colo 

Edward O. Lyksett Denver, Colo 

Thos. O. McGill Denver, Colo 

Ellery Stowell (attorney) Denver, Colo 

Benjamin F. Seymour (with the Bee Hive 

Shoe Co.) . Denver, Colo 

James Talley (with C. W. Badgley & Co ) . Denver, Colo 

John S. Rush Denver, Colo 

John Keys (Pres. Keys Implmt Mfg. Co ) Littleton, Colo 

Wm. G.Motley Ward, Colo 

Chris Larson (The Larson Desk Co.) . . ■ Chicago, 111 

.Sim. W. Cantril Denver, Colo 

28 



Wm. F.Rothenburg Denver, Cola 

Prof. Arling Shaeffer Denver, Colo 

Mrs. M. A. Sleigh c Denver, Colo 

PTermann Herz Denver, Colo 

A. H. Weber (Pres't The Colorado & New 
York Heating, Cooling & Power Co., 
and The Great Western Alluminum 

Co.) Denver, Colo 

Jas. M. Stoner Denver, Colo 

Benjamin Hughes Denver, Colo 

Nils. P. Benson Denver, Colo 

Miss Lottie W. Trent . . Denver, Colo 

John H. Blood Denver, Colo 

Abraham M. Southard Denver, Colo 

Geo. J. Stafford . . . , Denver, Colo 

Martin Wanner Denver, Colo 

Wm. Rogers Littleton, Colo 

Rob't H. Thorburn . . Chicago, 111 

John H. Shaw Del Norte, Colo 

0. W. Smith (with the Collier & Cleave- 

land Litho; Co.) Denver, Colo 

J. C. Teller Denver, Colo 

Nathan E. Varney Denver, Colo 

Henry A. Walker Denver, Colo 

Mrs. C. J.iWilkins Denver, Colo 

Geo. Woodall Denver, Colo 

Nelson Rowen . Denver, Colo 

Charles B. Hebron Denver, Colo 

Mrs. C. J. Everson .. . . . Denver, Colo 

Geo. Rob Denver, Colo 

Louis P. Deesz Denver, Colo 

Edgar W. Wilson Denver, Colo 

Fred Wild Denver, Colo 

Isaac A. Abott Denver, Colo 

John T. Wilmore Denver, Colo 

Michael B. Ryan Denver, Colo 

Orren Allen . Denver, Colo 

Willi; E. Bird Denver, Colo 

Marion M. Bailey Denver, Colo 

Mrs. S. B. Bushfield Denver, Colo 

Hiram B. Davis Denver, Colo 

29 



Joseph Guzwoski Denver, Colo 

Frank C. Harris Denver, Colo 

James E. Lytle (manager of The Western 

Machinery Co.) Denver, Colo 

Robt. McVicar .' . Denver, Colo 

Jas. B. Cooper Denver, Colo 

Frank Rattek Denver, Colo 

Alburtus Zoutman Denver, Colo 

Peter E Lamont Denver, Colo 

Gustaf Johnson Denver, Colo 

Albert K. Wonderly . . Denver, Colo 

Fletcher L. Savage Denver, Colo 

Julius Pearse (chief of the Denver Fire 

Department) Denver, Colo 

Edward L. Keehn Denver, Colo 

Simon de Jager, M. D . Denver, Colo 

Edward C. Kinney (civil engineer) .... Denver, Colo 
Edmund B Kirby (mining engineer) . . . Denver, Colo 

Lee Sehon Denver, Colo 

Louis W. Young Denver, Colo 

Jas. G. Bower Denver, Colo 

Albert S. Whitaker (secretary Atlantic & 

Pacific Railway Tunnel Co.) ..... Denver, Colo 

Edward M. Griffith Denver, Colo 

D. W. Glendinning Denver, Colo 

Edgar J. Hodgson (architect) Denver, Colo 

Ruiolph J. Behringer Denver, Colo 

Joel W. Stearns (of The Mountain Electric 

Co.) Denver, Colo 

David J. Bridge Denver, Colo 

Mrs Thos. F. Criley Denver, Colo 

Lewis Harrison Denver, Colo 

Thos. W. Goad Denver, Colo 

Daniel J. Haynes (attorney) Denver, Colo 

Wm. J. Puckett Denver, Colo 

Wm. P. Ogden , . Denver, Colo 

Solomon S. Mouck Grand Junction, Colo 

Silas F. Powell Denver, Colo 

Harry W.Lawrence • ■ • Denver, Colo 

Geo W. Smith Denver, Colo 

Miller & Janisch (architects) Denver, Colo 

30 



Gordon Land (State Fish Commissioner) . Denver, Colo 

E. T. Sleath Denver, Colo 

Jas. S. Hadley Denver, Colo 

Joseph R. Shoemaker (with Joslin & Park) Denver, Colo 

Frank W. Johnson . Denver, Colo 

Edward C. Penfield Denver, Colo 

George D. Snell Denver, Colo 

Alfred E. Pusey . . . . Denver, Colo 

Thus. F. Burke Denver, Colo 

J. Joslin (of Joslin & Park) Denver, Colo 

A. M. Holmes, M. D . , Denver, Colo 

Henry Deitz Denver, Colo 

Frank C. Hamilton Denver, Colo 

George W. Milles Denver, Colo 



PRESS OF 

THE COLLIER & CLEAVELVND LITHOGRAPH CO., 

LITHOGRAPHERS, PRINTERS & BINDERS, 

DENVER, COLO. 



31 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

iiiiiiniiiipiiii* 

019 973 377 1 



INDEX. 



PAGE 

Arapahoe County Court House n 

Assignments 24 

Basis of Copyright Law 5 

Basis of Patent Law ..._.. 5 

Business, condition of in the Patent Office 24 

Business, confidential 14 

Caveats 18 

Caveats, cost of 18 

Caveats, effect of . . 18 

Claims and Specifications .- 6 

Claims construed by the language used 7 

Claims, importance of careful preparation of 6 

Claims, what should be embraced by , 7 

Claims, of re-issue, how construed 7 

Colorado State Capital . . 21 

Competency as applied to a solicitor 4 

Contingent fee solicitors 11 

Copyrights 17 

Copyrights, cost of 18 

Copyrights, term of 18 

Countries having patent laws 26 

Decisions of the Courts on claims, etc ... 7 

Design Patents 15 

Interferences . . 22 

Invention, do not undervalue your 20 

Inventive genius in the United States 4 

Labels 17 

Marking unpatented articles 23 

Names of some of our clients 27 

Opinions and reports 23 

Patent Act, English 7 

Patent, cost of 19 

Patent, conditions requisite for a ... 5 

Patents, Foreign 25 

Patents, Foreign, cost of 25 

Patents, Foreign, how to obtain 26 

Patent, how to apply for a 19 

Patent Mills . . 12 

Patent, proceedings to obtain a 6 

Patent, what is a 5 

Poor Patents, effects of 9 

Preparation, importance of a careful 6 

Preliminary Examinations 20 

Re-issue, how claims are construed 7 

Registration and Patents 15 

Solicitors generally 10 

Supreme Court, decisions as to re-issues 8 

Time necessary to obtain a patent 23 

The Scientific Agency 10 

The Scientific Agency, facilities of 13 

The Scientific Agency, library of 14 

The Scientific Agency, responsibility of 14 

Trade-Marks 16 

United States Patent Office at Washington 2 

What is a patent' 



Why employ a solicitor 3 



32 



Conservation Resources 
Lig-Free® Type I 
Ph 8.5, Buffered 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



0"5l9" ~9JS- 377 1 



